The market that funds real businesses — and the part crypto can finally modernize.
Private credit has quietly become one of the main characters in global markets — the kind of character that never shows up on CNBC, but quietly moves a couple of trillion dollars behind the scenes. Estimates put global private credit somewhere around the 3–3.5 trillion dollar mark today, with some banks calling for 5 trillion by the end of the decade. That’s not a side quest; that’s core game content.
Why does that matter? Because when that much capital shifts from banks and public bonds into bespoke, privately negotiated loans, three groups suddenly have a lot to think about:
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Builders, who can design new rails and risk engines around this flow.Asset allocators, who are hunting for yield that isn’t just “long the same beta, with leverage.”Retail, who are mostly locked out today, but will eventually be sold some version of this risk — directly or indirectly — whether they like it or not.
In other words: private credit is already shaping how companies raise money, how portfolios earn yield, and how risk is hidden or revealed. The question isn’t “are you into undercollateralized lending?” so much as “do you care how the real economy is getting financed — and who gets a seat at that table?”blogs.
What’s So Private About Private Credit?
Let’s start with the name, because it sounds more mysterious than it is.
At a basic level, private credit is lending done by non‑banks through deals that don’t trade on public markets. A fund raises money from investors — pensions, insurers, endowments, family offices, wealthy individuals via feeders — and then lends that money directly to companies or projects on customized terms. No bond ticker. No exchange listing. No Robinhood chart. Just contracts, interest payments, and covenants.
A cleaner way to think about it: imagine a profitable mid‑sized company that wants to buy a competitor. Instead of going to a big bank and running a full syndication process, it goes to a private credit fund. The fund writes a single, large loan on negotiated terms, charges a chunky interest rate, takes some collateral, bakes in a few rules about how much debt the company can run, and gets paid over time. No public bond, no exchange listing — just a custom loan between a specialist lender and a single borrower.
So what makes it “private” in practice?
The deal isn’t registered or listed on a public market; it’s a private placement between a small set of players.The investor base is limited to institutions and qualified money, not the broad retail crowd.The information that drives the decision — detailed financials, management calls, projections — is non‑public.The loan is designed to be held, not day‑traded; if it changes hands, it’s usually through quiet, bilateral negotiations.
Risk‑wise, private credit is a bit of a two‑face. On one side, a lot of it sits high in the capital stack: senior secured loans, real collateral, covenants, and priority over equity when things go wrong. On the other side, investors are taking on illiquidity (you can’t just hit “sell”), concentration (portfolios built from a relatively small number of chunky loans), and opacity (no transparent daily pricing, lots of bespoke documentation). You’re effectively saying: “I’ll trade liquidity and transparency for yield and control — and I really hope my manager is as good as their pitch deck.”
Inside The Private Credit Machine
If “what is private credit” is the definition, the more interesting question is how this thing actually works in the wild.
At the top sit giants like Apollo, Blackstone, Ares, KKR, Oaktree, Carlyle and Brookfield, running huge credit platforms alongside their PE and real‑estate arms. Under them is a swarm of specialists: mid‑market direct‑lending shops, asset‑backed lenders and niche funds focused on things like bridge loans or infrastructure. Together, they form a shadow banking system with no branches or deposits, but a serious capacity to write big tickets.
How A Deal Is Born
Most deals start with a simple problem: a company needs money and a bank isn’t the right tool. A sponsor wants to buy a rival, a logistics firm needs trucks, a founder wants partial liquidity without going public. That situation lands on a private credit desk with a question: “Can you do this alone?” The lender then flips into diagnosis mode, poking at revenues, margins, customers and management to answer a few blunt questions: how much cash is really here, how much debt can it carry, and what happens if the world gets worse instead of better. If the story holds up, they sketch a loan that fits the business rather than a generic template.
The Legal And Collateral Plumbing
Once there’s a handshake, the lawyers and ops people take over. The commercial idea gets turned into a stack of contracts: one that defines the loan and its rules, and others that pin down the collateral and what happens if things go off‑track. Admins and custodians then make sure the money moves, repayments land where they should, and the fund stays within its own limits. Underneath, the security can be buildings, machines, invoices, inventory or simply the company’s shares — whatever gives the lender real leverage if the borrower stops playing ball.
Living With The Loan
After funding, the relationship doesn’t go on mute. Lenders watch cash flows, covenant ratios and business updates with a kind of polite paranoia: as long as payments are on time and numbers look sane, everyone’s happy. When margins shrink, cash tightens or ratios creep toward limits, the conversation shifts to tweaks, extra protections or, in rough cases, full‑blown restructurings. Most of that drama stays off‑screen, but the pattern is simple: try to keep the company alive and the loan performing; if that fails, use the documents and collateral to salvage as much value as possible.
How We Got Here (And Why It Matters)
After the 2008 crisis, bank regulation tightened: more capital, less risk, more scrutiny. A lot of lending that would previously have sat on bank balance sheets became uneconomic under the new rules. Some of that migrated into public markets; a large chunk migrated into private credit funds that aren’t funded by deposits and don’t face the same regulatory overlay.
For borrowers, private credit offered speed, flexibility, and certainty. For investors, it offered yield and diversification. For the system as a whole, it created a new, parallel channel for credit creation — one that’s now big enough that central banks, rating agencies, and policy researchers routinely ask whether it could be a source of vulnerability in the next downturn.
Bringing Private Credit Onchain
On one side, it’s peak TradFi: closed‑door negotiations, private data, lawyers everywhere and zero wallets. On the other, it’s doing something DeFi mostly can’t yet: real, undercollateralized lending against business cash flows instead of token charts and health factors.
DeFi lending today is clean but boxed in. You overcollateralize with correlated assets to lever up or smooth liquidity. The rails are transparent, but the system mostly just lends against itself. Private credit sits on the opposite end — messy, human, built around covenants and relationships — and the question is whether any of that can be pulled onchain without dragging all the opacity with it.
The most plausible split is simple: smart contracts handle execution and bookkeeping — who funded what, who owes what, how cash flows are split and recorded — while off‑chain entities keep doing underwriting and legal work, but draw from onchain capital instead of a handful of LPs. Wallet history and onchain behavior then become inputs into a kind of programmable credit file, a way to reward wallets that have actually behaved like adults over time.
If that works, the private‑credit machine stops being a black box and starts to look like a set of modular services — origination, underwriting, identity, documentation, cash‑flow management — all running on open rails instead of being locked inside a few giant firms.
Why Builders And Allocators Should Care
With that framing, “why care?” becomes less abstract and a lot more actionable.
For builders, private credit is a multi‑trillion‑dollar proof of demand for flexible, bespoke credit that current infrastructure only partially serves. The opportunity surface includes:
Better data and underwriting tooling: systems that ingest both on‑chain and off‑chain signals, standardize them, and feed them into credit decisions.Programmable loan infrastructure: contracts that encode covenants, reporting, and cash flows in ways that are transparent and composable across protocols.Identity and reputation layers: persistent, privacy‑preserving credit profiles that can travel between lenders and platforms.Tokenization and access: ways to slice and distribute exposure so that different risk/return profiles can find their natural holders without turning everything into a degen casino.
For asset allocators, private credit on or adjacent to crypto rails offers a way to:
Get more granular, real‑time visibility into how credit portfolios are performing.Access differentiated exposures (geographies, borrower types, structures) with clearer, rules‑based execution.Experiment with new liquidity designs: for example, secondary markets for standardized loan tokens or tranches, with better price discovery than today’s opaque bilateral trades.
None of this is trivial. You still have to solve legal enforceability, regulatory compliance, model risk, smart contract risk, and the basic problem of getting paid back in the real world. But the direction of travel is clear: a world where the logic of private credit and the tooling of crypto start to overlap.
Private credit filled the gaps banks left behind. The next wave of innovation will be about filling the gaps private credit itself can’t reach — with better rails, better transparency, and a broader set of people at the table. That’s where builders and allocators who understand both worlds will have an edge.
Citations
Alternative Credit Council (AIMA) — Strong growth sees private credit market reach US$3.5 trillion –
https://www.aima.org/article/press-release-strong-growth-sees-private-credit-market-reach-us-3-5-trillion.htmlInvestment Executive — Global private credit market reaches US$3.5 trillion AUM threshold: report –
https://www.investmentexecutive.com/news/global-private-credit-market-reaches-us3-5-trillion-aum-threshold-reportMorgan Stanley — Private Credit Outlook: Estimated $5 Trillion Market by 2029 –
https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/private-credit-outlook-considerationsBrookings Institution — What is private credit? Does it pose financial stability risks? –
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-private-credit-does-it-pose-financial-stability-risksBoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System — Private Credit: Characteristics and Risks –
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/private-credit-characteristics-and-risks-20240223.htmlCFA Institute — Private debt continues growing amid gathering headwinds –
https://www.cfainstitute.org/insights/articles/private-debt-market-trendsCFA Institute Enterprising Investor — Private Credit’s Surge Has Investors Excited and Regulators Concerned –
https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2025/06/05/private-credits-surge-has-investors-excited-and-regulators-concernedState Street Global Advisors — What is private credit? And why investors are paying attention –
https://www.ssga.com/us/en/intermediary/insights/what-is-private-credit-and-why-investors-are-paying-attentionMoonfare — What is Private Credit? Definition & Benefits –
https://www.moonfare.com/pe-masterclass/private-creditBritish Business Bank — What is private credit? –
https://www.british-business-bank.co.uk/business-guidance/guidance-articles/finance/what-is-private-creditCarta — What is private credit? An overview of the $1 trillion market –
https://carta.com/learn/startups/fundraising/debt-financing/private-creditCSC — Private Credit 2025: Global Strategies for a $1.5 Trillion Market –
https://www.cscglobal.com/service/resources/private-credit-2025Allica Bank — What is private credit? The complete guide –
https://www.allica.bank/blog/private-creditAlpha Architect — The Explosive Growth of Private Credit: Is There a Bubble? –
https://alphaarchitect.com/private-creditS&P Global Market Intelligence — Top 20 private credit managers hold more than one-third of dry powder –
https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/top-20-private-credit-managers-hold-more-than-one-third-of-dry-powder-8217-78654128Stock Analysis — Largest private credit funds –
https://stockanalysis.com/article/largest-private-credit-fundsWith Intelligence — Private credit emerging managers to watch 2025 –
https://www.withintelligence.com/insights/private-credit-emerging-managers-to-watch-2025LBC Capital — Understanding the Private Debt Lifecycle: From Origination to Exit –
https://lbccapital.com/understanding-the-private-debt-lifecycle-from-origination-to-exitMacquarie Asset Management — Unpacking the credit mechanics of infrastructure debt –
https://www.macquarie.com/au/en/about/company/macquarie-asset-management/institutional-investor/insights/unpacking-the-credit-mechanics-of-infrastructure-debtIVP — What is Credit Monitoring? IVP Private Funds Glossary –
https://www.ivp.in/glossary-private-funds-credit-monitoringMitosis University — DeFi Credit Markets: On-Chain Credit Scores & Undercollateralized Loans –
https://university.mitosis.org/defi-credit-markets-on-chain-credit-scores-undercollateralized-loansCrypto Credit Scores — “How On-Chain Credit Scores Enable Undercollateralized Lending in DeFi”
http://cryptocreditscores.org/2025/10/24/how-on-chain-credit-scores-enable-undercollateralized-lending-in-defi-2Crypto Credit Scores — “How On-Chain Credit Scores Are Transforming DeFi Lending in 2025”
http://cryptocreditscores.org/2025/11/14/how-on-chain-credit-scores-are-transforming-defi-lending-in-2025
Private Credit: Credit, But Off-Menu was originally published in Coinmonks on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.